枕下肌群功能异常与视觉疲劳的关联机制及运动干预

摘要

随着数字终端设备的普及，视觉疲劳已成为影响现代人群健康与工作效能的重要问题。本文介绍枕下肌群的解剖特点，阐明枕下肌群作为"感觉器官"而非单纯运动器官的神经生理学基础，在此基础上构建"头前伸姿势→枕下肌群持续紧张→肌梭敏感性改变→头眼协调下降→眼球运动补偿增加→视觉稳定下降→视觉疲劳"的病理机制模型。视觉稳定依赖于视觉、前庭与颈部本体感觉三大系统的协同整合，枕下肌群功能异常导致的颈源性本体感觉输入紊乱是视觉疲劳的重要成因。据此提出包括枕下肌群放松、深层颈屈肌训练、头眼协调训练及平衡训练在内的综合运动干预方案，为体育与健康领域的临床实践与未来研究提供参考。

With the widespread use of digital devices, visual fatigue has become a significant issue affecting the health and work efficiency of modern populations. This article describes the anatomical characteristics of the suboccipital muscle group and clarifies its neurophysiological basis as a "sensory organ" rather than merely a motor structure. Based on this understanding, we establish a pathological mechanism model: "forward head posture → sustained tension in the suboccipital muscles → altered muscle spindle sensitivity → impaired head-eye coordination → increased compensatory eye movements → reduced visual stability → visual fatigue." Visual stability relies on the integrated function of the visual, vestibular, and cervical proprioceptive systems. Disruption of proprioceptive input from the neck due to dysfunction of the suboccipital muscles is a key contributor to visual fatigue. Accordingly, we propose a comprehensive exercise intervention program including relaxation of the suboccipital muscles, training of deep neck flexors, head-eye coordination exercises, and balance training, offering practical guidance for clinical applications and future research in sports and health sciences.